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slonic_tonic ::Kenanjoz ::
Inace, evo kako su Ameri u Vijetnamu resili problem, nakon sto su izgubili podosta avinona u minobacacko/raketnim napadima:
jel bi mogao samo u jednoj-dvije rečenice napisati kako, za nas koji ne znamo ruski?
Citat:Measures to protect the bases of American aviation in Vietnam
The story of the mortar shelling on New Year's Eve in 2018 by the Russian air force used in Syria by the airbase Khmeimim once again demonstrated the need for effective protection of advanced air bases and aviation equipment deployed at such bases from attacks by the ground enemy.
Meanwhile, there is a vast foreign experience of measures to protect advanced aviation bases from attacks and shelling from the ground, including in conditions of active counterinsurgency war. Not touching the current events of the US and its allies in the course of military operations in the same Afghanistan, one can point to the historically more remote experience of the US during the Vietnam War.
The issue of protecting air bases from attacks and shelling from the ground was acute before the American armed forces throughout the Vietnam War. It is clear that this problem was solved in a comprehensive manner, starting with the creation of more or less extensive "safety zones" around airfields, large-scale patrolling and reconnaissance, etc. Nevertheless, the experience of Vietnam showed that no measures guarantee against the possibility for a skilful and resolute opponent to make a sudden attack on the air base - either by assault or sabotage forces, or with the use of rocket and artillery means. Therefore, mandatory for American airbases in Vietnam was the introduction of a system of measures for the passive protection of personnel and aircraft, including the establishment of shelters, shelters, caponiers, protected storage of fuel and ammunition,
According to US official data, only the US armed forces (without taking into account the armed forces of South Vietnam) lost from 1962 to 1973 only 391 aircraft and helicopters in mortar, artillery and rocket attacks in Vietnam, and 1185 were damaged . The armed forces of South Vietnam, according to one source, from 1964 to 1973 lost 25 aircraft and helicopters destroyed and 305 damaged on the ground.
These losses were incurred, despite all the measures taken to protect the airbases, and, without such measures, the loss figure, it would be possible, would be more numerous. It is significant that the greatest damage occurred in 1968, when about 500 American aircraft and helicopters were lost or damaged on the ground, despite the massive use by that time of the caponiers and dispersal of technology at air bases.
In total during the war in Vietnam, American advanced air bases were attacked 475 times (only Danang was subjected to 95 attacks), while mortar, artillery and missile fire was conducted in 457 cases. A total of 6163 mortar, artillery and missile munitions were produced. At the same time, as the experience of the war has shown, often even very limited attacks and shelling with their proper training, sufficient qualifications of the performers and a certain share of luck could lead to very heavy losses. The short-term fire of even a small number of 82-mm mortars with the relatively small number of the most frequently used mortars for firing at American air bases proved to be quite sufficient for the effective destruction of personnel and aviation equipment, even with measures taken to improve security (the availability of caponiers, shelters, dispersal, etc.). According to American statistics, in 93% of the cases of firing air bases on them produced less than 40 mines or missiles. Since 1966, Vietcongs began using Chinese 107mm and Soviet 140mm rockets for bombarding airbases, and from 1967 - Soviet 122mm rockets, the latter were produced from a range of up to 11km.
As it is easy to calculate, an average of only four mines or missiles were required to destroy or damage one American aircraft on the ground.
In particular, on the night of October 31 to November 1, 1964, Vietnamese troops (units of the National Liberation Army of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam - NFOUV) fired from six 82-mm mortar shells at the US air base Bien Hoa near Saigon. According to American data, 64-65 mines were fired, and the bombardment was conducted for about 20 minutes from a distance of only 1.4 km from the perimeter of the base (that is, apparently, carefully adjusted). As a result of the bombardment, five Martin B-57B Canberra bombers of the US Air Force were burned and another 15 B-57V bombers, three A-1H attack aircraft and four helicopters were damaged, another AN-1H crashed when an emergency take-off was attempted to suppress mortar fire. Aircraft B-57B stood in the open parking lot "wing to wing." Four American servicemen were killed and 74 were wounded,
It should be noted that the continued concentration of US Air Force B-57V aircraft at open parking in Bien Hoa, combined with the practice of hanging them in a parking lot, soon led to yet another disaster at this airbase, when on May 16, 1965, one of the prepared for departure B-57B ignited the ignition of the powder engine starter. The fire and explosion of the aircraft led to the detonation of 500-pound bombs prepared for suspension to other aircraft, as well as to the ignition of a total of 50,000 gallons of aviation fuel. As a result of the explosions and the fire, ten B-57V bombers, 15 A-1E assault aircraft and one F-8U attack aircraft were destroyed, another 30 A-1 aircraft were damaged, 26 people were killed and more than 100 were injured.
On the night of February 7, 1965, a detachment of Vietcong members of the 30th Company of the 409th NFOJV battalion of about 300 men, with four 82-mm mortars, attacked the US Camp Holloway base with an airfield near Pleiku. Viet Congs managed to covertly cover the base fences and penetrate into its territory, while 82-mm mortars fired at its airfield, firing only about 70 minutes. Combined with several blows by Vietnamese saboteurs, this was enough to destroy six American aircraft and helicopters (one CV-2 Caribou transport aircraft and five Bell UH-1B transport aircraft) and damage to another 20 helicopters, of which at least three were later decommissioned (another UH-1B was shot down in the air). Total losses of Americans in personnel as a result of the attack amounted to eight dead and 126 wounded.
On December 4, 1966, a detachment of Vietnamese special forces from the 100th division of the NFOUV, with the support of mortar fire, attacked the Tan Son Nhat airbase near Saigon. According to US data, the fire was fired mainly from 60-mm mortars, which led to its relatively low efficiency - only two planes (RF-101C and RC-47) and one US Air Force helicopter (CH-3C) were severely damaged, 17 more aircraft and helicopters of the Air Force and the US Navy are less severely damaged.
On July 15, 1967, the forces of the Viet Cong rocketed the Danang airbase, firing 83 missiles of Soviet-made 122 and 140 mm calibers. Ten aircraft were destroyed and 49 American aircraft and helicopters were damaged, eight Americans were killed and 175 injured.
The attack and disaster at Bien Hoa led the US Department of Defense to a decision in 1965 to begin construction of all the caponiers at all air bases in Vietnam to protect and disperse aviation equipment. The construction was started in August 1965 and was conducted on a massive scale. By June 30, 1967, 10 aerial bases had built 506 single and group caponiers, and by 1969 their number had reached 1,000. The standard was a 12 foot (3.7 m) wall and a 1.5 foot (457 mm) wall made of steel coating with concrete filler inside. In addition to airplane parking, barracks and other infrastructure facilities of airbases were closed with protective walls, only at the Danang airbase the total length of the protective walls exceeded 12 km. All ammunition depots have become protected underground. They were encased or protected by walls from sacks with the earth of the fuel storage.
As already mentioned, even caponiers and dispersal allowed only to reduce the damage to aircraft technology from shelling, so in 1968 the US Air Force launched the Concrete Sky program at its air bases in Vietnam, sheltered shelters for tactical aviation. Reinforced concrete shelters were designed to protect against the direct hit of a caliber ammunition up to 122 mm. From October 1968 to January 1970, 373 shelters were erected.
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