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Napisano: 07 Dec 2011 11:40
padobranac75 ::Danube
U Davis-ovim tabelama upisano je i 15 noćnih misija polaganja mina u Dunav (205. RAF-ova grupa).
Upisane su kao "Danube", bez navođenja preciznije lokacije i količine položenih mina.
1. 08.04.1944. - Mining, 17 aviona, 1 oboren;
2. 12.04.1944. - Mining, 22 aviona;
3. 09.05.1944. - Mining, 8 aviona;
4. 31.05.1944. - Mining, 38 aviona;
5. 01.07.1944. - Mining, 44 aviona, 4 oborena;
6. 02.07.1944. - Mining, 5 aviona;
7. 30.07.1944. - Mining, 5 aviona;
8. 10.08.1944. - Mining, 8 aviona;
9. 27.08.1944. - Mining, 6 aviona, 1 oboren;
10. 28.08.1944. - Mining, 9 aviona, 1 oboren;
11. 29.08.1944. - Mining, 7 aviona;
12. 05.09.1944. - Mining, 7 aviona;
13. 06.09.1944. - Mining, 7 aviona;
14. 10.09.1944. - Mining, 25 aviona, 1 oboren;
15. 04.10.1944. - Mining, 21 aviona, 1 oboren.
Ево мали додатак на ове податке:
[Link mogu videti samo ulogovani korisnici]
Citat:An important feature of the campaign waged by the Mediterranean Strategic Bomber Force was the sustained assaults made on the Hungarian and Rumanian railway systems. These were of special value to the Germans who, by the early summer of 1944, had been deprived by the Russians of the Lwow-Cernauti railway. They were, however, not only insufficient in themselves but also under constant and increasing air attack. The alternative route to them was the River Danube, which flows for 1,500 miles through Germany, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Rumania and Bulgaria, and could carry 10,000 tons of material daily. This great river was the natural link between the Third Reich and the grain lands of Hungary, a link with Turkey, a strategic route to the Russian Front, and above all a life-line connecting the Reich with the Rumanian oilfields. One Rhine-type barge could transport a load equivalent to that carried by a hundred 10-ton railway wagons, and hundreds did so. It was estimated that, in 1942, approximately 8,000,000 tons of materials reached Germany by means of the Danube waterway alone. This traffic was gradually increased until, by the middle of March, 1944, not only had the major part of all oil products coming from Rumania been diverted from the railways, but the river traffic was 200 per cent. more intense than the rail. Even the temporary stoppage of such a flow would have a far-reaching effect upon the enemy's continued capacity to make war, and Mediterranean Allied Air Forces Headquarters laid plans to make the interruption as complete as possible.
At the beginning of April, 1944, No. 205 Group, working closely with naval specialists, opened its offensive against the River Danube, and on the night of the 8th/9th three Liberators and nineteen Wellingtons, passing low along the river near Belgrade, dropped the first forty mines. In ten days this total had risen to 177. During May a further 354 mines were dropped, and although no sorties were flown in June, the resumption of the offensive on the night of 1st/2nd July saw the biggest mission of the operation when sixteen Liberators and fifty-three Wellingtons dropped a total of 192 mines. On the following night a further 60 were added.
At first 'GARDENING' missions--the code word was, it will be noted, the same as that used by Bomber and Coastal Commands for the same kind of operation--were flown only in moon periods because 'GARDENERS' had to fly at no more than 200 feet, and heights of forty and fifty feet were often reported. Later on, however, the use of Pathfinder aircraft and of illumination by flares made it possible to operate over any part of the river during any period of the month. Further missions in July, August and September added a total of 555 mines to those already dropped, and the final mission
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of the Operation took place on the night of 4th/5th October when four Liberators and eighteen Wellingtons laid a total of fifty-eight mines in areas of the river in Hungary, west of Budapest, north of Gyor and east of Esztergom. The operation had lasted for a little over six months, and during that time some 1,382 mines had been dropped in eighteen attacks by the Liberators and Wellingtons of No. 205 Group.
In support of them flew the night fighter Beaufighters of Mediterranean Allied Coastal Air Force to attack river craft with cannon-fire, or suitable targets on nearby roads and railways. On the night of 29th/30th June, intruders of No. 255 Squadron found a group of barges north of Slankamen. The cannon shells poured into them and the 200-foot barges, freighted with oil, 'mushroomed up in vivid red and orange flashes'. During these intruder operations eight large oil barges and their cargoes were destroyed and 102 other vessels damaged, a total of some 100,000 tons of shipping.
The first mining attacks took the Germans by surprise, and it was not until the middle of August that they were able to produce counter-measures. A de-magnetizing station was erected at Ruschuk, and a squadron of minesweeping Junkers 52's fitted with mine detonating rings began to operate. A Serbian tug-boat, the Jug Bogdan, was taken over and modified as a minesweeper, but her crew, consisting of a captain, who directed operations from the safety of the bank, and seven naval ratings, all of whom were terrified by their new and dangerous duties, did not succeed in detonating a single mine.
As No. 205 Group warmed to its work, several vessels were sunk in the busy stretch of the Danube between Giurgiu and Bratislava and traffic brought to a stand-still. By May, coal traffic was virtually suspended, the ports became increasingly overcrowded, storage facilities were equally strained, and barges were piling up at Regensburg awaiting a tow to Budapest. On 1st June, listeners in London and Foggia were gratified to hear the Hungarian wireless warn all shipping between Goenuye and Piszke to remain where it was until further notice. Barges loaded at Svishtov at the end of April were still there on 10th June. Photographic reconnaissance showed the Begej canal between Titel and Jecka to be full of inactive barges, while more than a hundred were dispersed along the banks of the Danube and Sava. The lugubrious Captain Mossel recorded no more than the truth when he wrote in his diary in June, 1944: 'The enemy has mined the Danube systematically and has achieved his object of upsetting the traffic in the Balkans. During the moon period it was discovered that the main point of the mining operations was that part of the river where there were distinct banks visible and therefore
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not in inundated areas. We have no reports of the disturbing of the Danube during May. Nevertheless I am under the impression that the entire length of the river was only free for ship traffic for a very few days. The enemy sets mines which are very difficult to sweep and are not to be swept by a few mine-detecting aircraft. This explains the loss of shipping in sections which have been swept for days without success. The crews of the Danube vessels are creating difficulty. Frequently they desert, but it is intended to out-manoeuvre this by militarizing them. Finally it must be stated that the enemy by the mining of the Danube harms us very considerably and that at present we are unable to cope with the situation '.
In July he was even gloomier. 'The enemy', he writes, 'has mined the Danube according to plan. Thirty-nine vessels have been sunk from the beginning of May to the middle of June, and forty-two damaged by these weapons. The most effective means for mine-sweeping are the mine-detecting aircraft, but unfortunately they are few in number owing to lack of fuel. It is therefore not possible to clear the Danube of mines with the means we have at hand, and the position regarding shipping is badly affected in consequence.'
There can be no doubt as to the outstanding success of these 'GARDENING' operations. The broad result of them was that between April and August, 1944, the volume of traffic on the Danube was reduced by some 60 to 70 per cent. The enemy was forced to deploy, along a considerable length of the river, very great quantities of antiaircraft equipment, including balloons and guns as well as trained crews to man them. Skilled minesweeping crews, both naval and air, were diverted to the Danube at a time when their services could ill be spared from home waters. Finally--and most important of all, perhaps--considerable aid was given to the Russian Forces in their westward drive, for the transport of German reinforcements to the Eastern Front suffered long delays.
Кратак сиже, за оне који не говоре енглески:
Пошто је превоз пругом преко Румуније био отежан из више разлога, немци су одлучили да нафту све више превозе Дунавом. Половином марта 1943. Дунавом је превожено два пута више робе него железницама.
Из тог разлога су савезници одлучили да минирају Дунав, и операција ”Gardening” је кренула почетком априла.
Као подршка минирању, летели су и ноћни Бофајтери из Mediterranean Allied Coastal Air Force, који су нападали бродове, оближње путеве и пруге. Ноћи 29/30. јуна, авиони 255 сквадрова су наишли на групу баржи северно од Сланкамена. Топовска ватра је запалила нафту која је била у баржама дужине 60 метара, који су експлодирали попут наранџасте печурке. Током ових операција осам великих баржи са нафтом је било уништено, а 102 друга брода оштећена, укупне тонаже 100.000 тона.
Британска минирања су изненадила немце, и тек половином августа су успели да спроведу ефикасне контра-мере. У Рушуку је направљена станица за размагнетисање бродова, и сквадрон Ју-52 за деминирање магнетних мина је почео да ради. Српски реморкер Југ Богдан је модификован у миноловца.
Фото извиђање је показало да је пре тога дошло до великог застоја у речном саобраћају, и да су током јуна стотине баржи стајале у околним каналима и обалама Дунава.
Од почетка маја до половине јуна 39 бродова је било потопљено, а 42 оштећено минама. Између априла и августа 1944, речни саобраћај на Дунаву је смањен за 60 до 70 одсто. Осим тога, немци су уложили доста у деминирање и ПВО заштиту Дунава.
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Као додатак, ево података о магнетним минама које су британци користили током Другог светског рата:
[Link mogu videti samo ulogovani korisnici]
Ићи на World War II - Aircraft-launched Mines
Из описа посада о постављању мина видимо да се у неким мисијама авиони летели прилично ниско, те се да закључити да су користили мине Mark VI (које су имале магнетно-акустични сензор) или унапређену Mark VII (које су током рата имале само магнетни сензор), које су могле да се баце са малих висина и без падобрана. Ове мине су биле тежине око 900 кила, са 450-500 килограма експлозива. Лежале су на дну, и активирале су се проласком брода, које је откривено његовим магнетним пољем (неконтактно).
Dopuna: 28 Dec 2011 16:41
Занимљив чланак о односима ЈВуО и владе у Лондону према савезничком бомбардовању.
др Милан Терзић
Војноисторијски институт
Југословенска краљевска влада, генерал Драгољуб Михаиловић и савезничко бомбардовање циљева у Југославији 1942-1944. године
Citat:APSTRAKT: Rad govori o zahtevima prema zapadnim saveznicima koje
su dostavljali general Dragoljub Mihailovi} i jugoslovenska Kraljevska
vlada za bombardovanje ciljeva u Jugoslaviji. Pisan je na osnovu gra|e
Arhiva Vojnoistorijskog instituta, Arhiva Srbije i Crne Gore i literature.
[Link mogu videti samo ulogovani korisnici]
Од стране 81.
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