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Pregled kako je izgledalo “podizanje”:
Citat: Restarting the grid after the April 28, 2025, blackout in Spain and Portugal was a complex, gradual process led by Spain’s grid operator, Red Eléctrica de España (REE), and Portugal’s Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN). The process, often called a “black start,” involved carefully re-energizing the grid to avoid further instability. Here’s how it unfolded based on available information:
1. Initial Stabilization and Black Start:
• Hydropower and Gas Units: The restoration began with hydropower and gas-fired power plants in northern Spain, which were among the first to be brought online due to their ability to provide stable, controllable power. These plants are critical for black starts because they can start independently without external power and provide the initial energy to stabilize the grid.
• Imports from Morocco and France: Spain leveraged its interconnections with Morocco and France to import electricity. The INELFE (Spain-France) interconnection played a key role, using its black start capability to facilitate power imports from France, which helped re-energize parts of the Spanish grid. Morocco also supplied power to southern regions.
• Focus on Key Regions: REE prioritized restoring voltage in the north (e.g., Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia) and south (e.g., Andalusia, Extremadura) of Spain, as these regions host significant power generation capacity, including solar and hydropower. This was critical to gradually re-energizing the transmission grid as generating units were connected.
2. Gradual Re-Energization:
• Substation Restoration: The grid was re-energized substation by substation to avoid overloading. By 10:00 PM on April 28, 62% of Spain’s substations (421 of 680) were back online, meeting 43.3% of power demand. In Portugal, REN restored power to 85 of 89 substations by late Monday.
• Balancing Supply and Demand: Operators maintained the grid’s frequency at around 50 Hz, a critical metric for stability. This required careful coordination to match power supply with demand, as sudden surges could trigger another blackout. System operators monitored the grid in real-time to prevent frequency deviations.
• Safety Checks: Before fully restoring power, operators conducted safety checks on transmission lines and substations to ensure no damage or faults could cause further outages. This step was crucial to prevent cascading failures.
3. Prioritization of Critical Infrastructure:
• Hospitals and Emergency Services: Power was prioritized for critical infrastructure like hospitals, which initially relied on backup generators. Electricity provider Endesa restored power to nearly 3.5 million customers by 7:15 PM on April 28, focusing on strategic sites.
• Urban Centers: In Portugal, REN prioritized major cities like Lisbon and Porto before rural areas, as urban centers have higher demand and critical services.
4. Progress and Full Restoration:
• Spain: By midnight on April 28, 61.35% of Spain’s power demand was restored, rising to 99% by 7:00 AM on April 29 and nearly 100% by 11:00 AM. All substations were online by 4:00 AM on April 29, a process described as a “feat never seen before” by REE’s president, Beatriz Corredor.
• Portugal: Power was restored to 6.2 million of 6.5 million households overnight, with full restoration achieved by April 29. The process was slower in Portugal due to its reliance on Spain’s grid for morning electricity imports, but collaboration between REE and REN ensured coordinated recovery.
• Role of Renewables: While the blackout raised concerns about renewable energy’s role, renewables (solar and wind) were part of the recovery, contributing significantly as the grid stabilized. By late Monday, Spain was again sourcing power from solar (59% at the time of the outage) and wind (12%), showing their integration into the restored grid.
5. Challenges and Coordination:
• Interconnected Grid: The Iberian Peninsula’s highly integrated grid meant Spain and Portugal’s systems had to be restarted in sync to avoid further disruptions. The temporary disconnection from the European grid (ENTSO-E) required careful reconnection, facilitated by France’s supply of 700 MW within hours of the blackout.
• Complexity of Renewables: The high penetration of renewables (solar and wind accounted for ~80% of electricity before the blackout) added complexity to balancing the grid, as these sources are intermittent. Operators used advanced grid management tools to handle this, though some experts noted the lack of inertia from renewables made the initial restart trickier.
• Avoiding Overload: The gradual restoration was critical to prevent overloading parts of the grid as each generator connected. REE and REN followed established protocols, working with utilities like Endesa and Iberdrola to ensure a controlled ramp-up.
6. Technical and Human Effort:
• REE’s teams worked “day and night” to restore power in “record time,” with Corredor praising their professionalism. The operation involved real-time monitoring, rapid decision-making, and coordination across multiple countries and operators.
• In Portugal, technicians inspected substations and transmission lines to identify and fix any faults, ensuring the grid’s integrity before full re-energization.
The process was described as unprecedented due to the blackout’s scale, affecting nearly the entire Iberian Peninsula. The successful restart relied on a combination of conventional power sources (hydropower, gas) for initial stability, renewable energy for sustained supply, international support from France and Morocco, and meticulous coordination to balance the grid. Despite the rapid restoration, experts emphasized that restarting a grid after such a failure is inherently risky, requiring a delicate balance to avoid further blackouts.
Da su imali baterije to se ili ne bi desilo ili bi brže podigli mrežu.
Slicna situacija bila je u Australiji 2016-te. I tamo su neki krivili OIE ali na srecu nisu slušali glasnu manjinu/lobiste i uložili su u baterije. Od tada BESS (battery energy storage system) je u Australiji sprecio bar 4 velike havarije.
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