offline
- Pridružio: 19 Jan 2012
- Poruke: 1993
|
Napisano: 18 Jun 2013 13:39
Da se mi vratimo našoj temi nakon diskusije o planiranoj nameni bojnih krstaša.
Topovi predviđeni za naoružavanje ovih bojnih krstaša su bili Obuhov model 1913 kalibra 356 mm.U stvari,ovim topovima je najpre trebala biti naoružana klasa «Imperatorka Marija» ali pošto je konstrukcija topova kasnila a kapaciteti Obuhova nisu bili dovoljni odlučeno je da za nove drednote naoružanje čine «stari» topovi modela 1907.Ta neželjena promena je izgleda bila srećna jer se ovaj model 1913 kal.356mm nije iskazao.Jedan deo proizvodnje je ustupljen Vikersu,od prvobitno planiranih 82 komada(60 za krstaše,uključujući 12 rezervnih a 18 za obalsku odbranu) poručeno je 76,od toga 36 kod Vikersa koji su dobili britansku oznaku 14"/50 (35.6 cm) Mark VI
Proizvodnja je počela u novembru 1913-e a do marta 1917-e je završeno 16 sa 10 isporučenih Rusiji.Za to vreme samo jedan top je bio završen u fabrici Obuhov .
Planiranja ugradnja ovih topova u dvocevne kupole obalske odbrane,na liniji odbrane ulaza u Finski zaliv takođe je kasnila i nije završena do 1917-e.Englezi su testirali neke od neisporučenih topova i pokazalo se da imaju nedovoljnu uzdužnu čvrstoću,čak 7 od 16 testiranih cevi.
Nakon Velikog rata i Oktobarske revolucije postojali su razni planovi za upotrebu ovih topova(čak i za opremanje morskih monitora koji bi bili izgrađeni oko ovih topova)ali je na kraju korišteno samo njih šest kao železnički topovi prilikom odbrane Lenjingrada.Jedna baterija je bila i na Dalekom istoku ali nikada nije upotrebljena u borbi.
Designation Russian
14"/52 (35.6 cm) Pattern 1913
356 mm/52 (14") Pattern 193
British
14"/50 (35.6 cm) Mark VI
Ship Class Used On Izmail Class (planned), twin coast defense turrets (planned), TM-1-14 railway mounts
Date Of Design 1913
Date In Service 1931 (as railway guns)
Gun Weight 82 tons (83.325 mt)
Gun Length oa 728 in (18.491 m)
Bore Length 705.8 in (17.927 m)
Rifling Length 588.8 in (14.954 m)
Number Of Grooves (84) 0.105 in deep x 0.36 in (2.67 mm x 9.14 mm)
Lands 0.16 in (4.06 mm)
Twist Uniform RH 1 in 29.89
Chamber Volume 21,940 in3 (360 dm3)
Rate Of Fire Triple ship turrets: 3 rounds per minute at -5 / +15 degrees
Twin Coastal Defense turrets: 2 rounds per minute
Railway Guns: 1.5 rounds per minute
.
Ammunition
.
Type Bag
Projectile Types and Weights
(see Note 1) Britain
APC Mark Ia (?) - 1,586 lbs. (719.4 kg)
Soviet Union
AP mod 1911 - 1,649 lbs. (747.8 kg)
HE mod 1913 - 1,649 lbs. (747.8 kg)
HE mod 1913a - 1,649 lbs. (747.8 kg)
HE mod 1913j - 1,649 lbs. (747.8 kg)
HE mod 1928 - 1,128 lbs. (511.5 kg)
Bursting Charge British
APC Mark Ia (?) - 61.4 lbs. (27.9 kg)
Soviet Union
AP mod 1911 - 44.93 lbs. (20.38 kg)
HE mod 1913 - 167.22 lbs. (75.85 kg)
HE mod 1913a - 180.56 lbs. (81.9 kg)
HE mod 1913j - 146.17 lbs. (66.3 kg)
HE mod 1928 - 194.45 lbs. (88.2 kg)
Projectile Length British
N/A
Soviet Union
AP mod 1911 - 54.64 in (138.79 cm) 3.9 calibers
HE mod 1913 - 65.98 in (167.59 cm) 4.7 calibers
HE mod 1913a - 4.75 calibers
HE mod 1913j - 4.46 calibers
HE mod 1928 - 69.90 in (177.55 cm) 5.0 calibers
Propellant Charge Britain
313 lbs. (141.97 kg) MD45
Soviet Union
456 lbs. (203 kg) 356/52 for all 1911 and 1913 projectiles
507 lbs. (230 kg) 305/52 for HE mod 1928
Muzzle Velocity
(see Notes 2 and 3) Britain
2,470 fps (753 mps)
Soviet Union
AP mod 1911 - 2,400 fps (731.5 mps)
HE mod 1913 - 2,400 fps (731.5 mps)
HE mod 1913a - 2,400 fps (731.5 mps)
HE mod 1913j - 2,400 fps (731.5 mps)
HE mod 1928 - 3,215 fps (980.0 mps)
Working Pressure 16.9 - 19.3 tons/in2 (2,583 - 2,945 kg/cm2 )
Approximate Barrel Life 150 rounds
Ammunition stowage per gun 80 rounds
Notes:
1) There were apparently two Russian-built variations of the HE mod 1913. They appear to have both been the same weight, but one was slightly longer with a heavier bursting charge. To distinguish between these, I have arbitrarily assigned one an "a" suffix in the above table. In addition, it appears that some HE mod 1913 were manufactured in Japan and that this shell was slightly different from the other two. To distinguish this shell, I have arbitrarily given it a "j" suffix in the above table.
2) One source quotes the muzzle velocity of the HE mod 1928 as 3,117 fps (950.0 mps). This may be a "new gun" versus "average gun" difference.
3) "Morskie Pushki na Geleznoi Dorogie" states: "With Ismail's turrets, it was initially expected to obtain a muzzle velocity of 2,700 fps (823 mps) with the AP Model 1911 projectile using a propellant charge of 541.67 lbs. (245.7 kg)." When compared to the actual service muzzle velocity of 2,400 fps (731.5 mps) and 456 lbs. (203 kg) propellant charge for this projectile, this statement seems to confirm the British conclusion that this gun design was too weak.
.
Range
.
Elevation With 1,586 lbs. (719.4 kg) AP
Range @ 20 degrees 24,400 yards (22,310 m)
Elevation With 1,649 lbs. (747.5 kg) HE mod 1913
Range @ 20 degrees 24,400 yards (22,310 m)
Range @ 25 degrees 25,420 yards (23,240 m)
Range @ 29 degrees (as RR artillery) 27,620 yards (25,250 m)
Range @ 40 degrees (as RR artillery) 30,420 yards (27,820 m)
Range @ 50 degrees (as RR artillery) 33,900 yards (31,000 m)
Elevation With 1,128 lbs. (511.5 kg) HE mod 1928
Range @ 24.5 degrees 38,120 yards (34,860 m)
Range @ 50 degrees (as RR artillery) 57,800 yards (52,860 m)
.
Mount / Turret Data
.
Designation Russia
Izmail (4): 356/52 Triple Turret
356/52 Twin Coast Defense Turret
Soviet Union
TM-1-14 Railway mount
Weight 1,368 tons (1,390 mt)
Elevation Triple Turret: -5 / +25 degrees
Twin Turret: 0 / +30 degrees
TM-1-14: -7 / +50 degrees
Rate of Elevation Triple Turret: 3 degrees per second
Train Bow/Stern: -155 / +155 degrees
Amidships -140 / +140 degrees
Rate of Train Triple Turret: 3 degrees per second
Gun Recoil 59 in (150 cm)
Evo i poneka slika.
Na opitnoj platformi
Na šinama,nakon Velikog rata.
Zrno
Da još jednom ponovim! Pre nekoliko godina sam na netu pronašao snimak opaljenja ovog topa sa opitne platforme gore prikazane.Snimak je bio u trajanju od svega nekoliko sekundi ali zanimljiv pa ako ga neko pronađe ja ću mu se(možda,he he) zahvaliti jer ga sada više ne mogu pronaći.
Dopuna: 20 Jun 2013 15:22
Nakon završetka planova za bojne krstaše Borodino i početka njihove izgradnje Carevina se odlučila za još krupniji zalogaj.Naime,doneta je odluka o razvoju topa 406mm i izgradnje super drednota oko tog novog oruđa.U razmatranju je bilo nekoliko projekata a najbliži realizaciji bio onaj od Ivana Bubnova,genijalnog konstruktora svega što plovi i roni vodom.
Ovaj brod je bio predviđen za Baltičju flotu i trebalo je da bude položeno osam kobilica do sredine 1915-e.Veliki rat je sve te planove osujetio a tokom građanskog rata je čak nestao i veći deo projektne dokumentacije.Nakon rata,tokom 1922,su sprovedena određena ispitivanja oklopne zaštite koja su pokazala izvesne slabosti protivtorpedne zaštite u oblasti pramčane i krmene kupole.
Predviđene karakteristike
Data (all in metric units):
Displacement:
Standard - 34,300 tons
Normal - 35,600 tons
Full - 38,660 tons
Full length - 210.0 m
Full width - 32.6 m
Draft:
Normal - 9.15 m
Full - 9.83 m
Armament:
Twelve 16"/45
Twenty four 130mm/55
Four 100mm/37 AA
Eighteen 450mm torpedo tubes
Armour:
Belt - 280mm KC + 75mm KC
Decks - 35mm Chrome-Nickel + 75mm KC
Barbettes - 375mm/250mm
Turrets - 400mm/400mm/400mm/250mm
Conning Tower - 400mm/250mm
funnels - 75mm KC/25mm High tension steel
Anti-torpedo bulkhead - none
Engines: 4 screws, 67,500 h.p.
Speed - 25 knots
Full fuel load - 3,800 tons oil
Range - 5000nm at 15 knots
Broadside weight:
Forward - 4464 kg
Broadside - 13,392 kg
Evo kako je trebalo da izgleda gospodar Baltika.
Dopuna: 21 Jun 2013 15:03
Najozbiljnija alternativa projektu Ivana Bubnova bio je projekat brodogradilišta Putilova.Putilov je sarađivao sa nemačkim Blom und Voss brodogradilištem a iz ovog projekta se može naslutiti da je učenik nadmašio učitelja.Putilov se odlučio za više varijanti naoružanja broda,odnosno u zavisnosti od brzine razvoja topa 406mm predvideo je i mogućnost opremanja topom 356mm koji je u to vreme već bio fazi ispitivanja.To je nužno zahtevalo i ostale izmene konstrukcije.
Evo kako je umetnik zamislio brod,tu su i nacrti i karakteristike.
Dopuna: 21 Jun 2013 15:10
Evo sada projekta Ruso-baltičkog brodogradilišta iz tadašnjeg Revala,današnjeg Talina.Smatralo se da je ovo čudovište preveliko za Baltik i nije ozbiljno uzeto u razmatranje ali je pokazatelj konstruktorske zrelosti ruskih inženjera.Nije mnogo država moglo ni da pomisli da krene u izgradnju ovakvog mastodonta,nije to uradila ni carska Rusija ali je tehnički u potpunosti bila spremna za to.
Umetnička impresija
Crtež i neki detalji konstrukcije.
Karakteristike
Displacement - 45,000 tons
Full length - 265.0 m
Full width - 34.4 m
Draft - 9.15 m
Armaments:
Sixteen 16"/45
Twenty four 150mm/52
Torpedo tubes:
Four 450mm
Armour: See drawings
Engines: 11 universal boilers, 16 oil boilers, 119,452 h.p.
Speed - up to 30 knots
Dopuna: 21 Jun 2013 15:21
Posle Jitlanda,ruski inženjeri su sumirali utiske i iskustva u onoj meri u kojoj su imali informacije o događanjima za vreme te najveće bitke drednota.Tako smo došli do projekata Ivana Kostenka,koji su rađeni 1916-1917-e godine i koji pokazuju kako je on zamišljao gospodara Crnog mora pod zastavom Svetog Andreje.Projekat je bio potpuno nerealan za realizaciju u vreme u kojem je nastao ali pokazuje inženjersko znanje Kostenka i pravac razmišljanja vrhova carskog Admiralštaba.Postojalo je više verzija projekta.
Umetnička impresija
Nacrti
Karakteristike
Displacement (Version 1) - 42,360 tons
Displacement (Version 2) - 44,000 tons
Displacement (Version 3) - 43,600 tons
Displacement (Version 4) - 45,000 tons
Version 1:
Full length - 252 m
Full width - 30 m
Draft - 10.1 m
Version 2:
Full length - 240 m
Full width - 30 m
Draft - 10.1 m
Version 1:
Full length - 240 m
Full width - 30 m
Draft - 10.1 m
Version 1:
Full length - 230 m
Full width - 30 m
Draft - 10.1 m
Version 1
Armaments:
Eight 16"/45
Twenty 6"/50
Version 2
Armaments:
Nine 16"/45
Twenty 6"/50
Version 3
Armaments:
Ten 16"/45
Twenty 6"/50
Version 4
Armaments:
Twelve 16"/45
Twenty 6"/50
Version 1
Armour:
Belt - 250mm + 100mm
Version 2
Armour:
Belt - 275mm + 100mm
Version 3
Armour:
Belt - 300mm + 100mm
Version 4
Armour:
Belt - 325mm + 100mm
Version 1
Engines:
144,000 h.p.
Speed - 31.5 knots
Version 2
Engines:
120,000 h.p.
Speed - 30 knots
Version 3
Engines:
96,000 h.p.
Speed - 28 knots
Version 4
Engines:
72,000 h.p.
Speed - 25 knots
Dopuna: 24 Jun 2013 12:53
Carska Rusija je imala relativno jake krstarice sa oklopnom palubom ali su one već bile prevaziđene u pogledu brzine a i njihovo održavanje i korištenje je bilo otežano imajući u vidu da su građene i naoružavane na sve četiri strane sveta.To je dovelo do potrebe za unifikacijom i izgradnjom jedne klase turbinskih krstarica koje će moći da se mere u pogledu brzine i naoružanja sa tada najmodernijim u svetu,engleskim krstaricama ,a koje bi bile nadmoćne u naoružanju u odnosu na nemačke.
Tako je napravljen projekat krstarica klase Svetlana.Trebale su biti izgrađene četiri krstarice ove klase za Baltičku flotu:Svetlana,Admiral Greg,Admiral Butakov i Admiral Spridov.
Pomalo iznenađujuće,bile su naoružane topovima od 130 mm iako su prethodna iskustva sa topom Kane 152mm bila dobra.Planirano je postavljanje čak 15 topova od 130 mm što bi bi uz brzinu paljbe 5-8 zrna u minuti i krajnji domet topa preko 20.000 m činilo zastrašujući pljusak čelika na palube protivničkih brodova.Topovi su trebali biti smešteni pojedinačno pa čak i u kazemate,6 komada,što je bilo u skladu sa vremenom u kome su nastale ali pomalo "de mode".Krstarice su bile relativno dobro zaštićene od zrna topova kakvima su u to vreme bili naoružavani razarači,naročito nemački.
karakteristike
Displacement normal, t 6800
Displacement full, t 7400
Length, m 154.8 wl 158.4 oa
Breadth, m 15.4
Draught, m 5.60 - 5.70
No of shafts 4
Machinery Svetlana, Admiral Greyg: Brown-Curtis steam turbines, 13 Yarrow-Vulcan boilers Admiral Butakov, Admiral Spiridov: Parsons steam turbines, 13 Yarrow-Vulcan boilers
Power, h. p. 50000
Max speed, kts 29.5
Fuel, t coal 498 + oil 669
Endurance, nm(kts) 200(12)
Armour, mm belt: 75 - 25, bulkhead: 50, upper belt: 25, decks: 20 + 20, funnel uptakes: 20, CT: 75 sides, 50 roof, shields: 25, ammunition tubes: 25
Armament 15 x 1 - 130/55 (ru), 4 x 1 - 63/38 Obukhov, 2 - 450 TT (beam, 6), 100 mines
Complement 630
Evo kako je trebala izgledati Svetlana.
Neke od ovih krstarica na navozu
Porinuće
Dopuna: 24 Jun 2013 13:06
Za Crnomorsku flotu je započeta izgradnja četiri krstarice nešto većih dimenzija i drugačijeg pogona identičnog naoružanja i zaštite.To su bile : Admiral Nahimov, Admiral Lazarev, Admiral Istomin i Admiral Kornilov.
Evo malo podataka o topu koji proizvođen u fabrici Obuhov a po licenci i u Vikersu u Engleskoj a korišten je skoro svim modernim brodovima Carevine kao i u obalskoj odbrani.
karakteristike:
Date Of Design 1912
Date In Service 1914
Gun Weight 5.136 - 5.290 mt
Gun Length oa 281.5 in (7.150 m)
Bore Length 276.3 in (7.019 m)
Rifling Length 230.8 in (5.862 m)
Grooves (30) 0.0395 in deep x 0.36 in (1.00 x 9.14 mm)
Lands 0.1756 in (4.46 mm)
Twist Uniform RH 1 in 29.89
Chamber Volume 1,070 in3 (17.53 dm3)
Rate Of Fire 5 - 8 rounds per minute
.
Ammunition
.
Type Bag
Projectile Types and Weights Semi-AP mod 1928 - 73.86 lbs. (33.5 kg)
HE mod 1911 - 81.26 lbs. (36.86 kg)
HE mod 1911 (without a cap) - 81.26 lbs. (36.86 kg)
HE-FRAG mod 1928 (OF-054) - 73.6 lbs. (33.4 kg)
HE-FRAG mod 1928 (OF-028) - 75.33 lbs. (34.17 kg)
AA (DG-028) - 73.6 lbs. (33.4 kg)
Shrapnel (USA) - 64.4 lbs. (29.2 kg)
Shrapnel (made before 1916) - N/A
Diving - 73.08 lbs. (33.15 kg)
Star Shell (made before 1916) - N/A
Star Shell (S-072) - 75.62 lbs. (34.3 kg)
Bursting Charge Semi-AP mod 1928 - 3.68 lbs. (1.67 kg)
HE mod 1911 - 10.38 lbs. (4.71 kg)
HE mod 1911 (without a cap) - 8.6 lbs. (3.9 kg)
HE-FRAG mod 1928 (OF-054) - 8.05 lbs. (3.65 kg)
HE-FRAG mod 1928 (OF-028) - 5.95 lbs. (2.7 kg)
AA (DG-028) - 5.82 lbs. (2.64 kg)
Shrapnel (USA) - 0.82 lbs. (0.37 kg)
Diving - 14.51 lbs. (6.58 kg)
Star Shell (S-072) - 0.07 lbs. (0.03 kg)
Projectile Length Semi-AP mod 1928 - 5.0 calibers
HE mod 1911 - 5.0 calibers
HE mod 1911 (without a cap) - 4.74 calibers
HE-FRAG mod 1928 (OF-054) - 5.2 calibers
HE-FRAG mod 1928 (OF-028) - 5.0 calibers
AA (DG-028) - 5.0 calibers
Shrapnel (USA) - 3.9 calibers
Shrapnel (made before 1916) - 3.4 calibers
Diving - 5.0 calibers
Star Shell (made before 1916) - 3.6 calibers
Star Shell (S-072) - 4.9 calibers
Propellant Charge Most - 24.51 lbs. (11 kg)
Diving - 1.76 lbs. (0.8 kg)
Star Shell - 16.54 (7.5 kg)
Muzzle Velocity Semi-AP mod 1911 - 2,700 fps (823 mps)
Semi-AP mod 1928 - 2,825 fps (861 mps)
HE mod 1911 - 2,700 fps (823 mps)
HE-FRAG mod 1928 (OF-054) - 2,825 fps (861 mps)
HE-FRAG mod 1928 (OF-028) - 2,825 fps (861 mps)
AA (DG-028) - 2,825 fps (861 mps)
Shrapnel (USA) - 2,920 fps (890 mps)
Diving - 780 fps (237.7 mps)
Star Shell (S-072) - 2,215 fps (675 mps)
Working Pressure 19 tons/in2 (3,000 kg/cm2)
Approximate Barrel Life 300 rounds
Ammunition stowage per gun Single casemate mounts - 245 rounds
Imp. Maria - 200 rounds
Diana and Svetlana -150 rounds
Muraviev Amurski - 175 rounds
Udarny - 100 round normal (152 rounds overload)
Note: The propellant was in a single bag.
.
Range
.
Elevation With 81.26 lbs. (36.86 kg) HE & AP mod 1911 Shells
Range @ 20 degrees 16,800 yards (15,364 m)
Range @ 30 degrees 20,000 yards (18,290 m)
Range @ 40 degrees 21,800 yards (19,936 m)
Range @ 45 degrees 22,245 yards (20,314 m)
Elevation With 73.86 lbs. (33.5 kg) 1928 mod 1928 Shells
Range @ 20 degrees 20,400 yards (18,655 m)
Range @ 30 degrees 24,400 yards (22,315 m)
Elevation With 64.4 lbs. (29.2 kg) Shrapnel Shell
Range @ 30 degrees 18,400 yards (16,830 m)
Range @ 35.5 degrees 19,480 yards (17,815 m)
Elevation With 73.08 lbs. (33.15 kg) Diving Shell
Range @ 30 degrees 3,400 yards (3,110 m)
Elevation With 75.6 lbs. (34.3 kg) Star Shell
Range @ 22 degrees 11,600 yards (10,610 m)
Note: Elevations above 30 degrees would only be applicable to coastal artillery mounts
Slika
Nijedna od ovih krstarica nije završena i nije uzela učešće u Velikom ratu a meni ostaje žal za time kao i zbog staromodnog rasporeda topova.Smatram da je smeštajem topova u npr. 5 trocevnih kupola,po dve na krmi i pramcu i jedna u sredini nadgrađa mogao biti dobijen brod bez premca u svojoj klasi u vreme Velikog rata i sasvim upotrebljiv u vreme Otadžbinskog rata.
Ove krstarice nisu bile prioritet možda i zbog toga što je mornarica Carevine u to vreme raspolagala sa izvanrednim razaračima klase Novik koji su bili najbrži ratni brodovi toga doba a tako dobro naoružani da su mogli zametnuti boj čak i sa nemačkim lakim krstaricama a u svakom slučaju im umaći.To su dokazali u brojnim prepadima na nemačke konvoje koji su prevozili železnu rudu iz Švedske.
Neki od ovih brodova su dovršeni nakon rata uz izmenjeno naoružanje a neki čak kao tankeri.Dobro su poslužili Crvenoj floti u Otadžbinskom ratu,naročito u borbama u akvatoriju poluostrva Krim.
|